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A yellow-green, water-soluble gas with strong oxidising properties, used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent in water treatment.
A chemical or physical agent that eliminates or deactivates pathogenic microorganisms in water, ensuring it is safe for use.
A chemical substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction while oxidising another substance, often used in water treatment to break down contaminants.
The concentration of chlorine dioxide remaining in water following the treatment process, indicating the ongoing disinfection potential.
The calculated amount of chlorine dioxide introduced into the water, typically measured in milligrams per litre (mg/L) or parts per million (ppm).
The duration that chlorine dioxide is in contact with water, crucial for effective disinfection and oxidation of contaminants.
Not to be confused with “Contact Time”, this is the product of ‘Concentration (C)’ of the disinfectant and the ‘(Contact) Time (T)’ of exposure, used to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfection processes and provide a way of providing equivalence across different dose rates and times. An example would be a CT value of 60 mg-min/L which could be achieved by dosing 2 mg/L × 30 min or 1 mg/L x 60 min to achieve the same CT.
A scale measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14, which influences the efficacy of chlorine dioxide in water treatment.
The quantity of chlorine dioxide needed to achieve complete disinfection and oxidation of all organic and inorganic matter present in the water. Often the demand is influenced by water chemistry and is often plotted as a curve over time, since certain contaminants in the water will be oidised more quickly than others
Chemical compounds formed when chlorine dioxide reacts with naturally occurring organic and inorganic materials in water. Typically chlorite is the main disinfection byproduct of chlorine dioxide, with 30-40% of the dosed level of chlorine dioxide typically detected as chlorite after disinfection, with the remainder being salt compounds.
Chemical compounds released into the water as a result of the production of chlorine dioxide. GBPs will depend on the method used to produce the chlorine dioxide (tablets, generator chemistry etc) but will typically include excess acids and salts, as well as chlorate. Chlorate is formed from the over-oxidation of chlorine dioxide in a strong acid, or its reaction with a strong alkali such as undissolved lime, or its reaction with UV. Chlorate is not typically formed as a Disinfection Byproduct in high quantities
The process of measuring the amount of chlorine dioxide left in water post-treatment to ensure it meets safety standards. There are various methods to do this, but Scotmas recommend an amperometric or potentiostatic method, which is capable of detecting chlorine dioxide specifically, rather than “redox” or “colorimetric” methods such as DPD which are prone to interference from other chemicals.
The ability of chlorine dioxide to control and eliminate biological contaminants like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa in water.
Disease-causing microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, that are transmitted through contaminated water.
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between two substances, fundamental to the disinfecting action of chlorine dioxide.
The process of managing and reducing microbial populations in water to prevent disease and maintain water quality.
A water treatment process where colloids and suspended particles are agglomerated into larger masses (flocs) for easier removal.
The process of adding a substance (coagulant) to water to destabilize colloidal suspensions and facilitate flocculation.
A measure of the cloudiness or haziness of water caused by large numbers of individual particles.
The process of rendering pathogens (disease-causing organisms) in water inactive or non-infectious.
A type of bacteria commonly found in water that can cause Legionnaires’ disease, a severe form of pneumonia.
A slimy layer formed by bacteria on various surfaces, including water pipes, which can protect bacteria from disinfection.
A waterborne protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal disease.
A microscopic parasite found in water that can cause giardiasis, a diarrheal illness.
A measure of the total amount of carbon in organic compounds in water.
The study of the rate at which a disinfectant inactivates pathogens in water.
The process of preventing the formation of scale (hard deposits) in water systems and pipes.
Methods used to prevent or reduce the corrosion of metal in water systems and infrastructure.
The application of a disinfectant to water in a distribution system to maintain water quality throughout the system.
The process of managing and reducing algae growth in water, which can cause taste and odour problems.
Chemical compounds, often formed as byproducts in water treated with chlorine, associated with potential health risks.
A group of chemicals that can form as byproducts during the disinfection of drinking water and may pose health risks.
The use of ultraviolet light to inactivate or destroy harmful microorganisms in water.
A water treatment process that uses a barrier (membrane) to remove particles, microorganisms, and some dissolved substances from water.
A water purification process that uses a partially permeable membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules, and larger particles.
A water treatment process where undesirable ions in the water are replaced with more desirable ones.
The use of activated carbon to remove impurities and contaminants through chemical adsorption.
A measure of the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water, which can affect its properties and suitability for various uses.
The process by which particulate matter settles to the bottom of a liquid, allowing the clear liquid to be decanted.
A water treatment process in which air is circulated through, mixed with, or dissolved in water, often to remove dissolved gases or oxidize dissolved metals. This process can sometimes be problematic with chlorine dioxide, since as a dissolved gas it can be “stripped” from solution in the airflow.
